Revision+Cards

**// Date: //****// 1930s //** || || ** TOPIC: GREAT DEPRESSION ** **// Date: //****// 1929-35 //** || ** Germany, Britain, France, Italy, Japan, League of Nations ** || || ** COUNTRIES: ** ** World. Started in USA ** || ** Hitler, Chamberlain, Mussolini, Churchill (opposed) ** || || ** PEOPLE: ** ** Franklin D Roosevelt USA Pres; Herbert Hoover (US Pres before FDR) ** || ** 1 - **** Appeasement meant allowing aggressive countries to get away with things in the hope they would then be satisfied and stop aggression (e.g. Abyssinia, Anschluss, Remilitarization, rearmament, Sudetenland) ** ** 2 - **** Britain had only a small air force and therefore did not want a war immediately. ** ** 3 - **** Most politicians wanted to avoid war, along with the people of Britain and France ** ** 4 - **** A lot of people realised the Treaty of Versailles had been unfair so governments turned a blind eye to breaches (by Hitler) ** ** 5 - **** Chamberlain was a believer in Appeasement (optimistic), Churchill was a critic of Appeasement (believed Hitler would have to be stopped militarily). When war started, Churchill quickly became PM ** || || ** 5 KEY POINTS: ** ** 1 - Started with the Wall Streeet Crash October 29 1929. Stocks lost value, panic selling, banks failed, commodities (grain, steel etc) were overproduced and undervalued. ** ** 2 - USA called in war loans and the Depression quickly spread throughout the world (including Europe, still recovering from WWI; Asia; and Australia/NZ). ** ** 3 - Unemployment was vast. Some governments (incl NZ and Roosevelt's USA) created great work schemes which began to help. ** ** 4 - HArd times and unstable politics in some countries led to aggressive governments and aggressive actions. Fascism took hold in Germany, Italy, Spain, militaristic governments in Japan, China. Manchurian invasion and Abyssinian invasion led from this. ** ** 5 - Depression ended finally as countries geared up for war again in the late 1930s ** || **// Date: //****// MArch 8 1938 //** || || ** TOPIC: LEAGUE OF NATIONS ** **// Date: //****// 1919 - 1930s //** || ** Austria, Germany ** || || ** COUNTRIES: ** ** Many - based in Geneva Switz; founded out of Paris Peace Conference ** || ** Hitler, Kurt von Schuschnigg (Austrian Chancellor), Seyss-Inquart (Austrian Nazi Party) ** || || ** PEOPLE: ** ** Woodrow Wilson, David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau (Big 3) ** || ** 1 - Hitler wanted to extend Germany (Grossdeutschland) by uniting with Austria, land of his birth, with shared language and culture. Anschluss forbidden in Treaty of Versailles. ** ** 2 - Ordered Austrian Nazis to create unrest so that when the time was right German troops would be called in to help. He massed troops at the border threatening invasion to protect Germans living in Austria. ** ** 3 - Hitler summoned Schuschnigg and ranted for hours. Schuschnigg knew he would have to give in. ** ** 4 - Schuschnigg orders plebiscite. Hitler furious, forces resignation, replacing him with Seyss-Inquart, pro-Nazi ** ** 5 - German army enters Austria with no opposition. Allies unhappy but do not oppose Hitler in any real way. ** || || ** 5 KEY POINTS: ** ** 1 - Wilson's idea (based on his 14 Points), intended as a world body to keep peace and prevent another war. After Wilson defeatd in elections, USA becomes isolationist again and does not join League! Its first failure. Germany joins later, USSR never a member either. ** ** 2 - Idea of Collective Security - all nations guarantee the security of any member threatened by agression. Moral Suasion, Condemnation of agression, Sanctions imposed, Military response. ** ** 3 - Never had an armed force to give weight to its authority. Too slow to address its goal of disarmament, then Japan, Germany leave League ** ** 4 - Some successes but notable failures include Manchuria, Abyssinia, countries learn it can be defied. Countries turned back to Alliance System as a way to achieve security, and some use appeasement ** ** 5 - The idea comes back after WWII as the United Nations ** || **// Date: //****// 7 Dec 1941 //** || || ** TOPIC: SPANISH CIVIL WAR ** **// Date: //****// 1936-38 //** || ** Japan, USA ** || || ** COUNTRIES: ** ** Spain, Germany, (citizens from many others) ** || ** Franklin Roosevelt, Tyuichi Nagumo, Emperor Hirohito ** || || ** PEOPLE: ** ** General Juan Franco ** || ** 1 - Japan has been opposed in the Far East by USA blocking its imports, etc. This is in response to spreading invasion of China (after Manchuria, Nanjing, Shanghai, Singapore etc). ** ** 2 - Japan is a member of the Axis PAct with Germany and Italy ** ** 3 - Japan bombs US fleet in surprise attack at Pearl Harbour, Hawaii. Japanese declaration of war is (deliberately?) delayed till after the attack. ** ** 4 - USA declares war on Japan, later on Germany/Italy. Big miscalculation for Hitler as he is now fighting a new, fresh foe ** ** 5 - USA concentrates first on the war in Europe, helping Britain/France to take care of Hitler before Japan ** || || ** 5 KEY POINTS: ** ** 1 - Involved Republican groups, Nationalist groups, Socialists, landowners, left wing groups, fascists and volunteer brigades (International Brigades of volunteers from outside Spain - mostly helping fight against Franco's fascists ** ** 2 - Civil War erupted in Spain between Republicans (seeking a state not dominated by Church and Crown), and Nationalists (right wing conservatives with fascist beliefs who saw the military, church and aristocracy as natural leaders of the people) **  ** 3 - Republicans were supported by communists, socialists and left wing groups **  ** 4 - German Condor Legion used the (Republican) Basque town of Guernica as a training ground for new weapons and tactics - wide scale bombing of civilian population and devastation of buildings **  ** 5 - Franco won, stayed out of WWII, ruled Spain till the 1970s ** || **// Date: //****// 1 Sept 1939 //** || || ** TOPIC: RISE OF FASCISM ** **// Date: //****// 1919-1939 //** || ** Germany, Poland, France, Britain, Italy ** || || ** COUNTRIES: ** ** Italy, Germany, Spain ** || ** Hitler, Chamberlain ** || || ** PEOPLE: ** ** Benito Mussolini (started movement), Adolf Hitler, General Juan Franco ** || ** 1 - German forces occupy the Free City of Danzig in the Polish Corridor (it was under LoN control and administrated by Poland even though most inhabitants were German). ** ** 2 - Hitler made speeches claiming Poland and Germany were friends. ** ** 3 - Britain and France made an alliance to protect Poland if attacked and warned Germany they would not accept a repeat of Czechoslovakia. This is late in August 1939. ** ** 4 - German blizkrieg starts on 1 Sept 1939. Heavy bombing and strafing by Stuka dice bombers clears way for tanks and infantry. Poland falls quickly. Ultimatum to Germany -'get out or it's war' ** ** 5 - 3 Sept. Britain and France declare war on Germany. ** || || ** 5 KEY POINTS: ** ** 1 - Mussolini looks for a political system that will rescue Italy from its weak position after WWI. Looks to the example of the Roman Empire and founds a movement symbolized by the Roamn 'fasces' - unity, bound by law, gives strength, with the State's authority to maintain laws ** ** 2 - Fascism attracts the upper class (aristocracy) and the church, as they want the state to continue with them in charge. Natural enemies of the communists. ** ** 3 - Fascism believes: the individual sacrifices their needs for the good of the state (Nationalism); discipline, the superiority of a racial/cultural group, the strength of the law and the military, power of uniforms as symbol of these things ** ** 4 - Hitler follows in the 1930s with German fascism. Great Depression helps him gain power. ** ** 5 - Franco in Spain, others in Austria, eastern Europe, Japan has a version of the system too ** || **// Date: //****// 10 June 1919 //** || || ** TOPIC: ABYSSINIAN CRISIS ** **// Date: //****// 1935-36 //** || ** Germany, France, Britain, USA et al ** || || ** COUNTRIES: ** ** Italy, Abyssinia. Britain, France ** || ** Woodrow Wilson (USA) David Lloyd George (UK) Georges Clemenceau (Fr) Weimar politicians (Germany) ** || || ** PEOPLE: ** ** Mussolini, Haile Selassie, Samuel Hoare, Pierre Laval ** || ** 1 - Threaty dealing with Germany after WWI. France wanted very harsh conditions, Britain more reasonable but had to please citizens, USA more forgiving, did not want backlash ** ** 2 - Germany lost territory, colonies, armed forces, had to pay large reparations (6.6 Billion pounds), forbidden union with Austria, had to remove troops from the Rhineland for buffer zone with France ** ** 3 - Germany forced to admit war guilt. Great bitterness over this and lasting resentment ** ** 4 - Called a Diktat by the Germans (they had no choice but to sign, it was a 'dictated peace') ** ** 5 - Was a central part of Hitler's foreign policy - not to obey the Treaty's terms, or admit guilt etc etc. He called the surrender and signing "the dagger-stab-in-back" (OK it sounds better in German ** || || ** 5 KEY POINTS: **  ** 1 - Italy felt it hadn't been rewarded for its efforts in WWI. The Depression had also hit it hard. Mussolini's new fascist government needed a unifying task and he wanted 'a place in the sun' (colonies) like Britain etc **  ** 2 - Italy defeated the underequipped Abyssinian army and used mustard gas against civilian populations. Haile Selassie, the Emperor of this, the last independent Christian nation in Africa, went into exile. **  ** 3 - Selassie appealed to the League of Nations for help, under the terms of collective security for members. The League condemned Italy's actions and imposed economic sanctions. Sanctions were ineffective because a) they did not include oil, steel or copper which were strategic commodities, b) they did not block the Red Sea to Italian ships, c) ** ** 4 - Frenchman Pierre Laval and Brit Samule Hoare devised a plan (the Hoare-Laval Pact) designed to APPEASE Mussolini (so he would not abandon the Stresa Front alliance with UK and France against Hitler. The plan would give 3/4 of Abyssinia to Italy. ** ** 5 - Pact leaked, Hoare/Laval resign, Italy leaves League of Nations ** || **// Date: //****// Aug 1940 - 1941 //** || || ** TOPIC: MUNICH CRISIS - (SUDETENLAND) **  **// Date: //****// Sept 1938- //** || ** Germany, Britain **  || || ** COUNTRIES: **  ** Czechoslovakia, Germany, Italy, Britain, France (USSR) **  || ** Hitler, Goering (Luftwaffe), Churchill **  || || ** PEOPLE: **  ** Edvard Benes (Cz), Hitler, Mussolini, Chamberlain, Daladier (Fr), (Stalin, USSR) **  || ** 1 - Battle for airsupremacy over mainland Britain to enable German invasion (Operation Seallion) after most of Europe has fallen **  ** 2 - Aug and Sept 1940 German bombers / fighters attacked RAF bases throughout Britain, as well as civilian bombing ** ** 3 - In September Hitler changed tactics and started large scale bombing of British cities esp London (the Blitz). The allowed RAF to concentrate its fighters on London - a mistake for Hitler ** ** 4 - British Spitfires were superior in the air and drove back the Luftwaffe. RAF started bombing flights over Germany, aiming at indistrial centres (Ruhr Valley, Dambusters etc) ** ** 5 - Many children had been sent to the countryside, cities still endured air raids for long afterwards, airshelters, gasmasks… ** || || ** 5 KEY POINTS: ** ** 1 - Hitler wanted to take over the Sudetenland (Bohemia) where there were a lot (3M) of German speaking people. He insisted they should be part of Grossdeutschland. ** ** 2 - After the Anschluss Britain and France were wary. But Hitler said this was his 'last territorial demand in Europe'. Chamberlain went to see Hitler in Bavaria (Berchtesgaden) twice ** ** 3 - Hitler rattled the swords. Chamberlain called the Munich Conference and he, Daladier, Mussolini and Hitler met. Benes of Czechoslovakia was not there. Nor was Stalin. They decided to give away part of Cz (Sudentenland) to Germany without consulting Benes. ** ** 4 - Hitler then took the Sudetenland 22 Sept 1938 and therefore owned most of Cz's strategic industries, as well as its defensive capabilty. ** ** 5 - Spring 1939 (only 4-5 months earlier than Polish invasion) Hitler took over rest of unaligned Czechoslovakia. Slovakia had allied with Nazis earlier. ** || **// Date: //****// March 1936 //** || || ** TOPIC: MANCHURIAN CRISIS ** **// Date: //****// 1931 -1933 ff //** || ** Germany, Britain, France ** || || ** COUNTRIES: ** ** Japan, China, rest of world ** || ** Hitler, Chamberlain, ** || || ** PEOPLE: ** ** Emperor Hirohito (Japan), Chiang Kai-Shek (China), Lord Lytton (UK, League of N) ** || ** 1 - The Rhineland (an important indistrial area) had been demilitarized under the Treaty of Versailles - a buffer zone for France. Hitler repudiated all Treaty clauses. It was still Germany, but it was not allowed soldiers. ** ** 2 - When the world was looking in the direction of Abyssinia, Hitler decided to send troops back into the Rhineland. ** ** 3 - They were told that if there was the slightest oppostion they were to turn back. No one stopped them. A lot of them were on bicycles! ** ** 4 - The French were involved in an election, the British did not want to risk another war, there was no money or will to oppose the remilitarization. ** ** 5 - Hitler learned through this and through Manchuria and Abyssinia that the wast would Appease and Allow. He thought 'OK - I will see how far I can go". ** || || ** 5 KEY POINTS: **  ** 1 - Japan was hit by the Depression. Its militaristic Government persuaded the young Emperor to allow an invasion of neighbouring Chinese Manchuria. **  ** 2 - The excuse was the set up of a Chinese 'rebel' blowing up of a Japanese owned railway line in Mukden. Troops were sent in. **  ** 3 - China appealed to the League of Nations. Lord Lytton headed up a Commision, after long deliberation, they found Japan was guilty of aggression and issued a Condemnation. Japan just left the League so there was no change. **  ** 4 - Japan installed the puppet emperor, the Manchu Pu Yi who had been deposed as Chinese Emperor in Beijing. **  ** 5 - Japan continued its colonisation of China, from the Rape of Nanjing to its spead south via Shanghai, then Singapoer, Hong Kong etc. Only to be stopped in 1945. ** || **// Date: //****// June 1940 //** || || ** TOPIC: **** NAZI=SOVIET NON-AGRESSION PACT ** **// Date: //****// Aug 1939 //** || ** France, Germany ** || || ** COUNTRIES: ** ** USSR, Germany ** || ** Hitler, Charles de Gaulle, Marshall Petain ** || || ** PEOPLE: ** ** Hitler, Stalin, von Ribbentrop (Germ). Molotov (USSR) ** || ** 1 - ** ** 2 - **  ** 3 - **  ** 4 - **  ** 5 - **  || || ** 5 KEY POINTS: ** ** 1 - ** ** 2 - **  ** 3 - **  ** 4 - **  ** 5 - ** || **// Date: //** || || ** TOPIC: ** **// Date: //** || || || ** COUNTRIES: ** || || || ** PEOPLE: ** || ** 1 - ** ** 2 - **  ** 3 - **  ** 4 - **  ** 5 - **  || || ** 5 KEY POINTS: ** ** 1 - ** ** 2 - **  ** 3 - **  ** 4 - **  ** 5 - ** ||
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 * ** TOPIC: ANSCHLUSS **
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 * ** TOPIC: PEARL HARBOUR **
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 * ** TOPIC: INVASION OF POLAND **
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 * ** TOPIC: THE BATTLE OF BRITAIN **
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 * ** TOPIC: REMILITARIZATION OF THE RHINELAND **
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 * ** TOPIC: INVASION OF FRANCE **
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 * ** TOPIC: APPEASEMENT **
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**// Date: //** || || ** TOPIC: ** **// Date: //** || || || ** COUNTRIES: ** || || || ** PEOPLE: ** || ** 1 - ** ** 2 - **  ** 3 - **  ** 4 - **  ** 5 - **  || || ** 5 KEY POINTS: ** ** 1 - ** ** 2 - **  ** 3 - **  ** 4 - **  ** 5 - ** ||
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